Turkish Foreign Policy	4
	Foreword	7
	Preface and Acknowledgements	9
	Contents	11
	Contributors	14
	List of Abbreviations	16
	1 Introduction	20
	References	33
	Part I Aspects of Turkish Foreign Policy in Retrospect	34
	2 Turkey’s Foreign Policies During the Interwar Period (1923–1939)	35
	The Legacy of the Long Nineteenth Century	39
	A Short History	39
	Warrior Diplomats between the Two World Wars	43
	Multilateral Relations	43
	Bilateral Relations	46
	Economic Diplomacy	49
	Conclusions	51
	Note	53
	References	53
	3 Turkish Parliamentary Debates on the American War in Vietnam (1964–1971)	57
	Background: A New Era in Turkish Domestic and Foreign Policies	60
	Korean War versus the Vietnam War	62
	Official Policy on the Vietnam War	64
	Parliamentary Debates on the Vietnam War	66
	Conclusion	71
	Notes	73
	References	74
	Part II At the Crossroad: Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of Turkey	78
	4 Turkey-US Relations (2009–2016): A troubled partnership in a troubled world?	79
	The Obama Period: From ‘Strategic Alliance’ to ‘Model Partnership’	82
	2009–2013: New Vision, New Challenges	84
	2013–2016: ‘Model Partnership’ in Trouble?	88
	Conclusions	91
	Notes	92
	References	93
	5 NATO-Turkey Relations: From Collective Defence to Collective Security	99
	NATO and Turkey in the Cold War Era	101
	The Atlantic Alliance: Military Aspect of a Broader Project	101
	Turkey Joins NATO: Institutionalisation of the ‘Western’ Identity	103
	NATO and Turkey in the Post–Cold War Era	105
	Developing a New Role in the Post-Cold War: Words	106
	Collective Security in Practice: Deeds	109
	Conclusions	113
	Notes	115
	References	115
	6 EU-Turkey Relations (1999–2016): Conditionality at Work?	120
	Accession Partnership and the National Program: The ‘To-Do List’	123
	Harmonisation Reforms: 2001–2004	126
	Difficulties	127
	After 2006: From Slowdown to De-Europeanisation?	129
	The Refugee Crisis: A Bargaining Chip for Full Membership?	131
	Conclusions	136
	Notes	138
	References	138
	7 Reconsidering Turkey’s Balkan Ties: Opportunities and Limitations	143
	A Changing International System and Changing Identities	144
	Historical Background: The International Structure-National Identity Nexus	145
	Regional Security Issues: Baby Steps towards Durable Peace	148
	The Balkans and Turkey: Recent Developments	150
	Limitations and Challenges	157
	Conclusions	159
	References	160
	8 Russia-Turkey Relations (1991–2016): Diverging Interests and Compelling Realities	164
	Grand Strategy: Roots and Definition	165
	The ‘Near Abroad’ in Russian Foreign Policy	166
	Regionalism and ‘Zero Problems with Neighbours’ in Turkish Foreign Policy	169
	Collision 1: Pandora’s Box (Re)Opened in Chechnya	171
	Collision 2: The Karabakh Imbroglio	173
	Collision 3: Guns of August	175
	Collision 4: The Ukrainian Stalemate	177
	Collision 5: Syrian Intervention and Downing of the Su-24 Bomber	178
	Economy as the Centripetal Force	179
	Conclusion	181
	Notes	182
	References	182
	9 The Role of Energy Security in Turkish Foreign Policy (2004–2016)	186
	Turkey’s Energy Security and Its Asymmetric Interdependence with Gas Suppliers	187
	Turkey’s Pipeline Priorities	189
	Challenges Regarding Energy Supplier Reliability	192
	Regional Economic Interdependence and Turkey’s Energy Security: Ideational Forces and Material Interests	195
	The Foreign Policy Elite’s Ideas	195
	Shared Material Interests in the Domestic Energy Market	197
	Shared Material Interests in Booming Exports to Energy-Rich Neighbours	199
	Conclusion	201
	Notes	201
	References	204
	10 The Roles Turkey Played in the Middle East (2002–2016)	208
	A Brief History of Turkey’s Foreign Policy towards the Middle East	209
	Turkey’s Roles in the Pre-Arab Uprisings Period	211
	Turkey as a Regional Collaborator	212
	Turkey as a Mediator	216
	Turkey as an EU Candidate	217
	Reality Check: The Role Performance of Turkey in the Pre-Arab Uprisings Period	219
	Arab Uprisings and ‘Precious Isolation’?	220
	Conclusion	223
	Notes	224
	References	225
	11 Turkey’s Foreign Policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa	229
	Early Relations: The Ottoman and Republican Eras	230
	The Post-1998 Period	234
	The Diplomatic Component	235
	The Political Component	236
	The Economic Component	237
	The Cultural Component	240
	Conclusions	242
	Notes	245
	References	245
	12 Latin America-Turkey Relations: Reaching Out to Distant Shores of the Western Hemisphere	248
	Early Relations with Latin America	249
	The Republic of Argentina	251
	The Empire of Brazil	252
	The Mexican Empire	253
	The Republic of Chile	254
	The Republic of Venezuela	254
	Colonial Cuba	255
	Relations in the Republican Era	256
	From the Early Years to the End of Cold War	256
	Relations in the Post–Cold War Era	258
	The JDP’s ‘New’ Foreign Policy and Latin America	259
	Conclusions	264
	Notes	265
	References	265
	13 East Asia in Turkish Foreign Policy: Turkey as a ‘Global Power’?	270
	East Asia in Turkish Foreign Policy: A Historical Overview	272
	East Asia-Turkey Relations: from Ottoman Times to the Post–Cold War Era	272
	Relations with Imperial Japan	272
	Relations with the Republic of Korea	275
	Relations with China	276
	Turkey’s Global Strategy in the Early Twenty-First Century	276
	Asia-Pacific in Turkey’s Global Strategy	279
	Relations with Japan	279
	Relations with the Republic of Korea	280
	Relations with China	281
	Relations with Southeast Asian Countries	283
	Turkey: A ‘Global Power’ (To Be)?	284
	Conclusion	285
	Notes	286
	References	287
	Part III Between Politics and Law: Possibility of the ‘Impossible’?	290
	14 Maritime Relations of Peninsular Turkey: Surrounded by Hostile or Peaceful Waters?	291
	Turkey: A Participant Eschewed Signing the Final Act of UNCLOS	292
	Turkey’s Maritime Boundary Relations in the Black Sea	294
	The Russian Federation	295
	Ukraine	297
	Georgia	298
	Bulgaria	298
	Turkey’s Maritime Boundary Relations in the Mediterranean	299
	Greece	300
	Syria	301
	Lebanon	302
	Egypt	302
	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	304
	Recent Turkish State Practices on Its Continental Shelf	304
	Conclusion	305
	Notes	306
	References	308
	15 Aegean Sea Territorial Waters Issue	312
	The ‘Lausanne Balance’ and the Aegean Sea	314
	The Evolution of the Legal Regime of Territorial Waters	317
	The Practice of a 12 nm Limit in the Aegean	318
	Potential Consequences of Extension	320
	A Legal View on the Dispute	322
	Conclusions	323
	Notes	326
	References	328
	16 The Cyprus Question: At an Impasse for Too Long	330
	Cyprus in Security Council Resolutions: A Chronological Analysis	332
	Phase 1: Internal Violence and the Consequent Military Operations	332
	Phase 2: Declaration of the TRNC and Onwards	334
	Phase 3: From No Solution Towards a Resolution?	339
	Turkey, the Cyprus Question and the International Community: A Legal Interpretation	340
	The ‘Peace Operation’ and Its Legal Implications	341
	‘Non-Recognition’ of the TRNC	342
	Greek Cypriots versus Turkey and RC’s Non-Recognition	343
	Conclusion	346
	Notes	347
	References	348
	Index	352