The Politics of Healthcare Reform in Turkey	3
	Acknowledgements	6
	Contents	7
	List of Abbreviations	9
	Note	11
	List of Tables	12
	1 The New Politics of Healthcare in Turkey	13
	1.1 Introduction	13
	1.2 The Contribution and Significance of the Book	17
	1.3 Methodology	19
	1.4 Methods	20
	1.5 Fieldwork	22
	1.6 The Content of Chapters	23
	Notes	27
	References	27
	2 The Politics of Healthcare: A Critical Review of the Literature	34
	2.1 Introduction	34
	2.2 A Short History of Healthcare Policy	35
	2.3 Is Healthcare a Commodity?	36
	2.4 Healthcare Reform Under Neoliberalism	40
	2.5 The Politics of Healthcare: Different Approaches	44
	2.6 The Pluralist Approach	45
	2.7 The Power Resources Approach	46
	2.8 The Institutionalist Approach	48
	2.9 The New Politics Approach	50
	2.10 Conclusion	51
	Notes	51
	References	52
	3 Healthcare and Politics in Turkish History	57
	3.1 Introduction	57
	3.2 The History of Healthcare Politics in Turkey Before the Reform	58
	3.3 The History of Healthcare and Politics Until the End of WWII	58
	3.4 The History of Healthcare and Politics Between the End of WWII and the Military Coup d’état in 1980	61
	3.4.1 The Transition to Electoral Democracy and Its Impact on Healthcare Politics	61
	3.4.2 The 1961 Constitution and the Socialisation of Healthcare Services	62
	3.4.3 The Developments in Social Security	64
	3.4.4 The Politics of Healthcare in the Second Period	66
	3.5 The Political Contestations Over the Socialisation Programme	66
	3.6 The Power of Trade Unions and Employer Organisations in the Social Insurances Institution	67
	3.7 The Impact of the Left on the Politics of Healthcare	68
	3.8 The History of Healthcare and Politics Since the 1980 Military Coup d’état	71
	3.8.1 The Junta: Suppression of the Left	72
	3.8.2 The Motherland Party Period: Attempts to Liberalise Healthcare	73
	3.8.3 The Introduction of the Green Card Scheme	76
	3.8.4 The Global Healthcare Reform Agenda Arrives in Turkey	77
	3.9 Turkey’s Healthcare System Before the Reform from a Comparative Perspective	81
	3.10 Healthcare Financing	82
	3.11 Healthcare Delivery	84
	3.12 The Regulation of Healthcare Financing and Delivery	85
	3.13 Conclusion	86
	Notes	88
	References	89
	4 The Health Transformation Programme in Turkey Within the Context of Healthcare Reforms in Other Emerging Market Economies	94
	4.1 Introduction	94
	4.2 The Main Parameters of the Health Transformation Programme in Turkey	95
	4.2.1 Changes in Healthcare Financing	95
	4.2.2 Changes in Healthcare Delivery	98
	4.2.3 The Results of the Health Transformation Programme So Far	100
	4.3 The Post-1980s’ Healthcare Reforms in Latin America, Southern Europe and East Asia	104
	4.3.1 Background	104
	4.3.2 Healthcare Reforms in Latin America	107
	4.3.2.1 Healthcare Reform in El Salvador	108
	4.3.2.2 Healthcare Reform in Chile	108
	4.3.2.3 Healthcare Reform in Argentina	109
	4.3.3 Healthcare Reforms in Southern Europe	109
	4.3.3.1 Healthcare Reform in Greece	111
	4.3.3.2 Healthcare Reform in Italy	112
	4.3.4 Healthcare Reforms in East Asia and Southeast Asia	113
	4.3.4.1 Healthcare Reform in Malaysia	113
	4.3.4.2 Healthcare Reform in South Korea	114
	4.4 Conclusion	116
	Notes	119
	References	120
	5 The Impact of the World Bank on Healthcare Reform in Turkey	126
	5.1 Introduction	126
	5.2 The World Bank’s Approach to Healthcare Reform in Emerging Market Economies	128
	5.3 The History of the Partnership Between the World Bank and Turkey in Healthcare and Its Impact on the Health Transformation Programme	133
	5.4 The Partnership of the World Bank and the AK Party Government on Healthcare Reform	135
	5.5 The Importance of World Bank Loans for Healthcare Reform in Turkey: Is It Overrated?	138
	5.6 The Influence of the World Bank’s Know-How and Policy Advice on the Reform	140
	5.7 The Reform as a Closed Process	146
	5.8 The Partnership of the World Bank and the Government: Any Disagreements?	148
	5.9 Conclusion	150
	References	153
	6 The AK Party and the Politics of Healthcare in Turkey in the Last Decade	158
	6.1 Introduction	158
	6.2 Political Parties and the Society	159
	6.3 The Influence of the AK Party’s Political Ideology on the Content of the Reform	160
	6.4 The HTP as a Factor in the Consolidation of the AK Party Rule	164
	6.5 The HTP and the AK Party’s Alliance with the Poor and the Rich	168
	6.6 Conclusion	172
	References	172
	7 The Turkish Medical Association as an Actor in the Politics of Healthcare	175
	7.1 Introduction	175
	7.2 The Literature on the Role of Medical Doctors and Professional Medical Organisations in Healthcare Reforms	176
	7.3 A Brief Political History of the Turkish Medical Association and Its Power Resources Within Turkey’s Political System	179
	7.4 The Turkish Medical Association Opposition to the Health Transformation Programme: Contestations with the AK Party Governments	186
	7.5 The Clash Over the Role and Function of the Turkish Medical Association	187
	7.6 The Clash Over the Employment Status of Medical Doctors	190
	7.7 Conclusion	197
	Notes	198
	References	198
	8 Private Healthcare Provider Organisations as New Actors in the Politics of Healthcare	202
	8.1 Introduction	202
	8.2 The Literature on the Relationship Between the State and Business Organisations in Healthcare Politics	203
	8.3 The Literature on the Relationship Between the State and Business Organisations in Healthcare Politics in Turkey	206
	8.4 Private Healthcare Providers in Turkey’s Healthcare System Before the Reform	209
	8.5 The Position of the Private Sector in Healthcare Provision After the Reform	212
	8.6 The Birth of New Actors in Healthcare Politics: Private Healthcare Provider Organisations	221
	8.7 Private Healthcare Provider Organisations at Work: Discourses, Demands and Strategies	224
	8.8 Conclusion	237
	Notes	240
	References	242
	9 Conclusion	247
	References	264
	Appendix: List of Interviews	267
	Index	271