Contents	6
	List of Figures	8
	Preface	9
	Introduction	10
	Notes	13
	PART ONE The genesis of Soviet socialism	14
	CHAPTER ONE The crucibles of Russian socialism	15
	The origins of socialism	15
	The Founding Fathers: Marx and Engels on socialism and communism	17
	The future society: an overview	18
	The future society: the “lower” phase	20
	The future society: the “higher phase”	23
	Marx on socialism and communism: a summary and interpretation	25
	Friedrich Engels	27
	Socialism in Russia: Lenin, Bolshevism and Russian social-democracy	30
	Russian social-democracy	31
	Summary: Soviet socialism before the revolution	42
	Notes	44
	PART TWO The emergence of a Soviet model: from the revolution to NEP	50
	CHAPTER TWO The revolutionary settlement: state capitalism, technocracy and the transition to socialism	51
	The revolutionary decrees	52
	The economics of state capitalism	52
	Ownership: the meaning of nationalization	53
	Control of the economy: centralization v. democratization	54
	Organization and control of the national economy	55
	Management of industrial enterprises	57
	Labour Policy	59
	The agricultural sector under state capitalism	60
	The politics of state capitalism: the dictatorship of the proletariat?	62
	All power to the Soviets?	62
	The repressive organs: the army and the CHEKA	65
	Rights and freedoms under the dictatorship of the proletariat	66
	Building a one-party state?	68
	Society and culture under state capitalism	70
	Social policy—aspects of egalitarianism	70
	The norms and values of Bolshevism	71
	Two future chickens: state capitalism and Soviet power in Bolshevik ideology	73
	Notes	75
	CHAPTER THREE War communism and Soviet Socialism: a technocratic orthodoxy?	80
	The economics of “war communism”	81
	Industry and economic organization: patterns of ownership and control	81
	Patterns of distribution: trade, finance and allocations	83
	Management and labour under war communism: triumph of technocracy?	84
	One-man management, expertise and hierarchy	84
	Labour policy: mobilization, militarization and the statification of the trade unions	86
	The triumph of technocracy: Taylorism, scientific management and GOELRO	88
	The emergence of Soviet planning	90
	Agriculture under war communism	91
	The politics of war communism	92
	Coercion, authoritarianism and the militarization of the Soviet state	93
	Bureaucratization, centralization and the demise of local autonomy	94
	The communist party: building a one-party state?	95
	The (Less) politics of war communism	98
	Society and culture under war communism	100
	Equality and inequality under war communism	100
	Instilling a new worldview: education, propaganda and the debate over proletarian culture	102
	War communism—details and debates	104
	War communism and Soviet socialism: a model of Soviet socialism?	107
	The theoretical basis of Soviet socialism: statism, technocracy, productivism and collectivism	108
	The economics of Soviet socialism	109
	The politics of Soviet socialism	112
	Socio-cultural aspects of Soviet socialism	116
	Conclusion	117
	Notes	117
	CHAPTER FOUR NEP and Soviet socialism: departing from orthodoxy?	123
	The genesis of NEP	123
	The economics of NEP	125
	Prodnalog, food policy and the agricultural sector	125
	The industrial sector: trustification and commercialization	127
	Labour, management and trade unions	129
	The politics of NEP	130
	The one-party state: pluralism and dissent, within and without	131
	From democratic centralism to bureaucratic centralism	133
	Terror, coercion and the law	136
	Society and culture under NEP	137
	Egalitarianism and inegalitarianism: social and economic aspects	137
	Culture and education under NEP	140
	Understanding NEP: a new model of Soviet socialism?	142
	NEP and “peculiar war communism”: of retreats, mistakes and advances	142
	NEP and the politics of the worker-peasant smychka: March-October 1921	142
	NEP: from frontal assault to slow siege: October 1921–January 1923	144
	NEP and “On co-operation”: a note	149
	NEP and Soviet socialism: an alternative model?	150
	NEP and the economics of Soviet socialism	150
	NEP and the socio-cultural aspects of Soviet socialism	153
	NEP and the politics of Soviet socialism	153
	Conclusion: the Soviet model of socialism	154
	Notes	155
	CHAPTER FIVE Stalin, Trotsky and Bukharin: debating a new orthodoxy	160
	Introduction	160
	Bolshevism after Lenin: unitarian or trinitarian?	160
	Bukharinism and Soviet socialism	161
	Trotsky and Preobrazhensky	164
	The emergence of a Stalinist model	166
	“Like a cat avoiding hot porridge”: Stalin, Trotsky and “socialism in one country”	167
	Soviet socialism and Stalin: theorizing self-sufficiency	169
	Notes	176
	PART THREE Orthodoxy in power: from Stalin to Brezhnev	179
	CHAPTER SIX Stalinist socialism: creating a country of metal, 1929–39	180
	The great change: a country of metal, tractors and automobiles	180
	Content and context	180
	A centrally planned economy?	182
	The organization of the economy	183
	Management, labour and specialists	184
	The collectivization of Soviet agriculture	187
	Society and culture of Stalinism: socialism, nationalism, inequality	191
	The social structure of Stalinist socialism: class struggle and inequality	191
	The normative basis of Soviet socialism: nationalism, tradition, socialist realism and heroic individualism	195
	The politics of Stalinism: party, state and society in the era of terror	197
	The “ordinary” politics of the Stalin era	198
	State and society	198
	The Communist Party under Stalin	201
	The “extraordinary” politics of Stalinism	204
	Theoretical renewal under Stalin	207
	Soviet socialism under Stalin 1929–41	208
	The economics of Soviet Stalinist “socialism”	209
	Society and culture of Soviet Stalinist “socialism”	210
	The politics of Soviet Stalinist “socialism”	210
	Appendix: Stalinist “socialism” and the Soviet mode of production	211
	Notes	211
	CHAPTER SEVEN Khrushchev and Soviet socialism: burying Stalin, reviving Lenin?	219
	Contextualizing the Khrushchev era: the theory and practice of mature Stalinism 1939–53	219
	The politics of Khrushchevism	223
	The politics of Stalin’s death	223
	The CPSU: renewing the Leninist vanguard?	225
	State and society under Khrushchev: a withering away of the state?	229
	Coercion, legality and the rule of law	229
	The growth of public self-government	230
	Socio-cultural developments: equality, atheism and peaceful co-existence	232
	Equality and Khrushchev: the promotion of less inequality	232
	The normative basis of socialism under Khrushchev	235
	The economics of Khrushchevism	240
	Khrushchev and Soviet agriculture	240
	The structure of Soviet agriculture	241
	The operation of Soviet agriculture: plant more, plough more, pay more	241
	Khrushchev and Soviet industry	243
	The structure and operation of the economy: sovnarkhozy and central planning under Khrushchev	244
	Management and labour under Khrushchev: reviving the trade unions?	247
	Ideological and theoretical renewal under Khrushchev	248
	Socialism and communism, in the Third Party Programme	251
	Khrushchev and Soviet socialism	254
	The economics of Soviet socialism	254
	The politics of Soviet socialism	255
	Socio-cultural aspects of Soviet socialism	255
	Notes	256
	CHAPTER EIGHT Brezhnev and developed socialism: technocratic socialism in power	261
	Introduction	261
	The de-Khrushchevization of Soviet society 1964–71	262
	Developed Socialism and the practice of Soviet socialism	268
	The economics of Developed Socialism	268
	Agriculture under Developed Socialism	269
	Industry under Developed Socialism	269
	The politics of Developed Socialism	270
	State, society and the individual	272
	Society and culture of Developed Socialism	275
	The normative basis of Developed Socialism: détente, militarism, Russian nationalism and nostalgia	277
	Developed Socialism and the Soviet model	280
	Postscript: Developed Socialism after Brezhnev	282
	Notes	284
	PART FOUR The demise of scientific socialism	288
	CHAPTER NINE Gorbachev and Soviet socialism: The rise and fall of Humane Democratic Socialism	289
	Introduction	289
	Why a new concept of socialism?	290
	Soviet socialism in transition: from Developed Socialism to Humane Democratic Socialism (via Developing Socialism)	291
	The decline and fall of Developed Socialism	291
	The theory and practice of perestroika	294
	Perestroika and Developing Socialism	300
	Humane Democratic Socialism: an emperor with no clothes?	303
	Humane Democratic Socialism: the socialist vision	304
	The economics of Humane Democratic Socialism	306
	From central planning to the regulated market economy	307
	From state ownership to a mixed economy: patterns of ownership and control	309
	The politics of Humane Democratic Socialism	310
	The CPSU under HDS: from vanguard to parliamentary party	310
	Individual rights and state power under HDS	312
	The socio-cultural sphere under HDS	313
	The draft party programme of August 1991: the social-democratization of Bolshevism	323
	Humane Democratic Socialism in historical perspective	325
	Notes	328
	Conclusion: history and Soviet socialism	334
	Soviet socialism in historical perspective	334
	Notes	339
	Chronology of party conferences and congresses	340
	Chronology of main ideological texts of Soviet socialism	342
	Select bibliography	346
	Index	356
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