Acknowledgements	7
	Introduction	9
	I. A World in Transition	15
	Collapse and Restoration: Politics and the Strains of War in Eastern Europe	17
	Eastern Borderlands and Prospective Shatter Zones: Identity and Conflict in East Central and Southeastern Europe on the Eve of the First World War	33
	Generals and Warlords, Revolutionaries and Nation-State Builders: The First World War and its Aftermath in Central and Eastern Europe	59
	II. Occupation	75
	Losing Control: The Norm of Occupation in Eastern Europe during the First World War	77
	Fluctuating between ‘Utilisation’ and Exploitation: Occupied East Central Europe during the First World War	97
	Utopias of Open Space: Forced Population Transfer Fantasies during the First World War	121
	III. Radicalization	137
	War on Paper? Physical Anthropology in the Service of States and Nations	139
	Foreshadowing the Holocaust: The Wars of 1914–1921 and Anti-Jewish Violence in Central and Eastern Europe	177
	Fighting the Red Beast: Counter-Revolutionary Violence in the Defeated States of Central Europe	217
	IV. Aftermath	241
	Consent, Coercion and Endurance in Eastern Europe: Poland and the Fluidity of War Experiences	243
	Pre-negotiated Violence: Ethnic Cleansing in the ‘Long’ First World War	267
	The Long Shadow of the Revolution: Violence in War and Peace in the Soviet Union	293
	Commentary	325
	Legacies of Violence: Eastern Europe’s First World War – A Commentary from a Comparative Perspective	327
	List of Contributors	335
	Index	339