Critical Approaches to Fieldwork	2
	Contents	6
	Tables	8
	Acknowledgements	9
	Introduction	10
	The ‘ field’ in archaeology	12
	The significance of the field	12
	The politics of the field	15
	The place of the field	19
	Alternative fieldworks	23
	Finding the past	27
	Cultural evolution and the object k 5884 – 5924w	28
	Pitt Rivers and the total archaeological record	28
	Flinders Petrie: the site and its finds	35
	Antiquarianism and archaeology in Northern Europe: redefining the object	37
	The development of field archaeology in North America	41
	Culture history and the assemblage k 5924 – 5964w	45
	The Wheeler – Kenyon school and stratigraphy in Britain	45
	Wheeler4 Bersu and the culture9 group concept in European archaeology	52
	North America: stratigraphy and culture history	56
	Cultural behaviour and context k 5964 – present dayw	61
	Winchester and ‘ techniques’ of archaeological excavation in Britain	61
	The Harris matrix and single9 context planning	65
	Field archaeology in North America since .96M	67
	Modern field methods and ‘ action archaeology’	70
	Splitting objects	73
	The classification of archaeological knowledge	74
	The development of specialisms in archaeology	74
	Evolutionary typology and the erasure of context	83
	The interpretation of artefact variability	89
	Typological debates between .96M and .96M	91
	The functionM style debate and after	95
	The temporality of objects	99
	The natural history of the object	99
	Typology and the reproduction of objects	105
	The measure of culture	116
	The classification of culture	118
	The partition of culture in Europe and North America	118
	Ethnicity and the critique of the culture concept	128
	The interpretation of spatioM temporal variability	132
	Settlement and spatial archaeologies	132
	Explanations of culture change: from evolutionism to	138
	Crossing cultures	147
	Ethnicity, periodisation and the culture concept	147
	Nationalism and globalism: beyond areaM period specialisms and towards a multi9 sited archaeology	150
	Eventful contexts	155
	The formation of the archaeological record	157
	The nature of the archaeological record	157
	A matter of form: the nature of archaeological deposits	161
	The construction site: contexts as objects	165
	Temporalising the stratigraphic unit	169
	Artefact patterning: objects as contexts	171
	Archaeological events	179
	Agency and material culture	179
	Ethnoarchaeology4 experimental archaeology and the basic event	188
	Middle range theory and the identity of archaeology	192
	Middle range theory and middle range research	192
	Analogy and archaeological generalisation	196
	Archaeology is 6 6 6	201
	Conclusion	209
	Writing archaeology	213
	Imaging archaeology	215
	Materialising archaeology	220