Content	6
	Introduction: Gender and Memory Culture in Europe – female representations in historical perspective*	8
	Collective Memory and Memory Culture	9
	Women and female allegories in national and political cultures of memory	12
	Violence, War and Gender – memory and remembrance in family and state	18
	Conclusion	24
	Works Cited	28
	I Women and Female Allegories in Political Cultures of Memory	30
	Marginal Figure in the Nation – Gendered National Memories in Late Nineteenth- Century Western European Metropoles*	32
	Gendered memory and the nation in nineteenth- century Western Europe	33
	Female national icons in the capitals: A perpetuation of gender roles?	36
	Female representations of the Nation State in Berlin: The importance of being dynastic	37
	The impact of female regency in London	39
	Between weakness and omnipresence – The particular case of Paris	44
	Gendered representations during the early years of the Great War	50
	Conclusions: Female Monuments as a reflection of very slow progress to gender equality	52
	Works Cited	55
	Gendering Germany: Feminine Imagery in Catholic National Memory during the Kulturkampf	62
	National Memory Based on Protestantism, Militarism and Masculinity	65
	Catholicism, Morality and the Revalorization of the Feminine	72
	Conclusion	84
	Works Cited	86
	Mother Bulgaria, Mother Russia and their Sisters: Female Allegories between Nation and Religion as Histoire Croisée?	92
	Female Figures of National Memory	92
	Old Foundations? Female Geographical and Political Allegories in Europe before the French Revolution	93
	Lamenting and Crying Women: The Invention or Reawakening of Nations in the 19th Century with the Help of Mothers	96
	National Mothers During and Between the World Wars: From National Mobilisation to National Sacralisation	102
	Mothers of Nations after the Second World War	114
	Revivals of Mothers of Nations after 1989/91	116
	Conclusions	118
	Works Cited	120
	Memory, Gender and Antifascism in France and Britain in the 1930s	126
	I.	126
	II.	129
	III.	133
	IV.	135
	V.	140
	Works Cited	144
	Deutschland, bleiche Mutter: Allegories of Germany in Post- Nazi Cinema	148
	Susanne, the Palingenesis from Rubble	150
	Heilige Nutte: Germania as a Holy Whore	151
	The Honour of the Nation (and Liberators Taking Liberties)	152
	Maria Simon: Germania in the Goethean Realm of the Mothers	155
	Margarete/Sulamith	157
	Works Cited	157
	Modern yet Modest: Woman Allegories in Turkish Modernization	159
	Works Cited	177
	II Violence, War and Gender – memory and remembrance in family and state	180
	Gender and Politics: Patriotic Women in Finnish Public Memory after 1944	182
	Introduction	182
	Contextualization: The Lotta Svärd from the 1920s to 1944	184
	The Finnish public memory of the Second World War after 1944	187
	The Lotta Svärd in the public memory, post 1944: contested representations	191
	Concluding remarks	201
	Works Cited	202
	A Useless War Memory: Erotic Fraternization, German Soldiers and Gender in Finland	205
	Finnish women, blockade the courting front!	209
	Kissing Fritz in parks and bushes	213
	Conclusion	219
	Works Cited	220
	»If only grandfather was here to tell us«: Gender as a category in the culture of memory of the Occupation in Denmark and Norway1	222
	Introduction	222
	The empirical material	223
	The tradition of memories in families	224
	The national culture of memory	225
	Authority and speaking	226
	The family as an intersection between public and private memory	229
	The Svendsen family	229
	Knowledge and authority of interpretation	232
	Conclusions	235
	Works Cited	236
	Gendered Memory of Military Violence in Eastern Europe in the 20th century1	238
	Case Studies	239
	Gender, memory and commemoration	241
	Memory, collective memory and remembrance	243
	Conclusions	245
	Works Cited	249
	III Concepts of Gendered Memory	252
	The Dynamics of Memories and the Process of Canonization1	254
	National differences in Western historiography	255
	The memory turn and the reversal of the plot	258
	A dynamic approach of collective memories	259
	Whose memories are transmitted?	261
	Works cited	265
	Remembrance and Gender: Making Gender Visible and Inscribing Women into Memory Culture	268
	Nation, Memory Culture and Gender	268
	Making Gender Visible in Memory Culture	270
	Do women and men remember differently? Female connoted family memory versus male connoted cultural memory?	273
	Memory, Gender and Space	276
	How can women be written into memory culture?	278
	Findings	281
	Works cited	283
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