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The Politics of Healthcare Reform in Turkey |
3 |
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Acknowledgements |
6 |
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Contents |
7 |
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List of Abbreviations |
9 |
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Note |
11 |
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List of Tables |
12 |
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1 The New Politics of Healthcare in Turkey |
13 |
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1.1 Introduction |
13 |
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1.2 The Contribution and Significance of the Book |
17 |
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1.3 Methodology |
19 |
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1.4 Methods |
20 |
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1.5 Fieldwork |
22 |
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1.6 The Content of Chapters |
23 |
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Notes |
27 |
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References |
27 |
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2 The Politics of Healthcare: A Critical Review of the Literature |
34 |
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2.1 Introduction |
34 |
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2.2 A Short History of Healthcare Policy |
35 |
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2.3 Is Healthcare a Commodity? |
36 |
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2.4 Healthcare Reform Under Neoliberalism |
40 |
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2.5 The Politics of Healthcare: Different Approaches |
44 |
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2.6 The Pluralist Approach |
45 |
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2.7 The Power Resources Approach |
46 |
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2.8 The Institutionalist Approach |
48 |
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2.9 The New Politics Approach |
50 |
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2.10 Conclusion |
51 |
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Notes |
51 |
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References |
52 |
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3 Healthcare and Politics in Turkish History |
57 |
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3.1 Introduction |
57 |
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3.2 The History of Healthcare Politics in Turkey Before the Reform |
58 |
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3.3 The History of Healthcare and Politics Until the End of WWII |
58 |
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3.4 The History of Healthcare and Politics Between the End of WWII and the Military Coup d’état in 1980 |
61 |
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3.4.1 The Transition to Electoral Democracy and Its Impact on Healthcare Politics |
61 |
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3.4.2 The 1961 Constitution and the Socialisation of Healthcare Services |
62 |
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3.4.3 The Developments in Social Security |
64 |
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3.4.4 The Politics of Healthcare in the Second Period |
66 |
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3.5 The Political Contestations Over the Socialisation Programme |
66 |
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3.6 The Power of Trade Unions and Employer Organisations in the Social Insurances Institution |
67 |
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3.7 The Impact of the Left on the Politics of Healthcare |
68 |
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3.8 The History of Healthcare and Politics Since the 1980 Military Coup d’état |
71 |
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3.8.1 The Junta: Suppression of the Left |
72 |
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3.8.2 The Motherland Party Period: Attempts to Liberalise Healthcare |
73 |
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3.8.3 The Introduction of the Green Card Scheme |
76 |
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3.8.4 The Global Healthcare Reform Agenda Arrives in Turkey |
77 |
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3.9 Turkey’s Healthcare System Before the Reform from a Comparative Perspective |
81 |
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3.10 Healthcare Financing |
82 |
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3.11 Healthcare Delivery |
84 |
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3.12 The Regulation of Healthcare Financing and Delivery |
85 |
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3.13 Conclusion |
86 |
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Notes |
88 |
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References |
89 |
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4 The Health Transformation Programme in Turkey Within the Context of Healthcare Reforms in Other Emerging Market Economies |
94 |
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4.1 Introduction |
94 |
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4.2 The Main Parameters of the Health Transformation Programme in Turkey |
95 |
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4.2.1 Changes in Healthcare Financing |
95 |
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4.2.2 Changes in Healthcare Delivery |
98 |
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4.2.3 The Results of the Health Transformation Programme So Far |
100 |
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4.3 The Post-1980s’ Healthcare Reforms in Latin America, Southern Europe and East Asia |
104 |
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4.3.1 Background |
104 |
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4.3.2 Healthcare Reforms in Latin America |
107 |
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4.3.2.1 Healthcare Reform in El Salvador |
108 |
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4.3.2.2 Healthcare Reform in Chile |
108 |
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4.3.2.3 Healthcare Reform in Argentina |
109 |
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4.3.3 Healthcare Reforms in Southern Europe |
109 |
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4.3.3.1 Healthcare Reform in Greece |
111 |
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4.3.3.2 Healthcare Reform in Italy |
112 |
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4.3.4 Healthcare Reforms in East Asia and Southeast Asia |
113 |
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4.3.4.1 Healthcare Reform in Malaysia |
113 |
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4.3.4.2 Healthcare Reform in South Korea |
114 |
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4.4 Conclusion |
116 |
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Notes |
119 |
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References |
120 |
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5 The Impact of the World Bank on Healthcare Reform in Turkey |
126 |
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5.1 Introduction |
126 |
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5.2 The World Bank’s Approach to Healthcare Reform in Emerging Market Economies |
128 |
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5.3 The History of the Partnership Between the World Bank and Turkey in Healthcare and Its Impact on the Health Transformation Programme |
133 |
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5.4 The Partnership of the World Bank and the AK Party Government on Healthcare Reform |
135 |
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5.5 The Importance of World Bank Loans for Healthcare Reform in Turkey: Is It Overrated? |
138 |
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5.6 The Influence of the World Bank’s Know-How and Policy Advice on the Reform |
140 |
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5.7 The Reform as a Closed Process |
146 |
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5.8 The Partnership of the World Bank and the Government: Any Disagreements? |
148 |
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5.9 Conclusion |
150 |
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References |
153 |
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6 The AK Party and the Politics of Healthcare in Turkey in the Last Decade |
158 |
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6.1 Introduction |
158 |
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6.2 Political Parties and the Society |
159 |
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6.3 The Influence of the AK Party’s Political Ideology on the Content of the Reform |
160 |
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6.4 The HTP as a Factor in the Consolidation of the AK Party Rule |
164 |
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6.5 The HTP and the AK Party’s Alliance with the Poor and the Rich |
168 |
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6.6 Conclusion |
172 |
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References |
172 |
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7 The Turkish Medical Association as an Actor in the Politics of Healthcare |
175 |
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7.1 Introduction |
175 |
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7.2 The Literature on the Role of Medical Doctors and Professional Medical Organisations in Healthcare Reforms |
176 |
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7.3 A Brief Political History of the Turkish Medical Association and Its Power Resources Within Turkey’s Political System |
179 |
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7.4 The Turkish Medical Association Opposition to the Health Transformation Programme: Contestations with the AK Party Governments |
186 |
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7.5 The Clash Over the Role and Function of the Turkish Medical Association |
187 |
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7.6 The Clash Over the Employment Status of Medical Doctors |
190 |
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7.7 Conclusion |
197 |
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Notes |
198 |
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References |
198 |
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8 Private Healthcare Provider Organisations as New Actors in the Politics of Healthcare |
202 |
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8.1 Introduction |
202 |
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8.2 The Literature on the Relationship Between the State and Business Organisations in Healthcare Politics |
203 |
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8.3 The Literature on the Relationship Between the State and Business Organisations in Healthcare Politics in Turkey |
206 |
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8.4 Private Healthcare Providers in Turkey’s Healthcare System Before the Reform |
209 |
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8.5 The Position of the Private Sector in Healthcare Provision After the Reform |
212 |
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8.6 The Birth of New Actors in Healthcare Politics: Private Healthcare Provider Organisations |
221 |
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8.7 Private Healthcare Provider Organisations at Work: Discourses, Demands and Strategies |
224 |
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8.8 Conclusion |
237 |
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Notes |
240 |
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References |
242 |
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9 Conclusion |
247 |
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References |
264 |
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Appendix: List of Interviews |
267 |
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Index |
271 |
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