Contents	6
	Series editor’s preface	8
	Preface	12
	Glossary of Russian terms and abbreviations	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	Notes on the text	17
	1 Interpreting the Stalin era	22
	Document 1.1 Stalin in Comparative Perspective	22
	Document 1.2 Totalitarianism	23
	Document: 1.3 The Lack of Moral and Legal Restraint	24
	Document 1.4 Stalinism as Revolution from Above	25
	Document 1.5 ‘The Great Retreat’	26
	Document 1.6 Marxism and Stalinism	27
	Document 1.7 Alternatives to Stalinism	29
	Document 1.8 Bureaucracy and the Stalinist State	30
	Document 1.9 A Process of Negotiation	31
	Document 1.10 Stalinism as a Way of Life	32
	2 From Lenin to Stalin	34
	Document 2.1 Lenin’s Testament	35
	Document 2.2 Stalin’s Oath to Lenin	36
	Document 2.3 Lenin at the Finland Station in Eisenstein’s October	37
	Document 2.4 Stalin’s Critique of ‘Permanent Revolution’	39
	Document 2.5 Kamenev Attacks Stalin	40
	Document 2.6 Stalin on Party Unity	41
	Document 2.7 Stalin on Zinoviev	41
	Document 2.8 Declaration of the Thirteen	42
	Document 2.9 Stalin Defends Soviet Foreign Policy, 1927	44
	Document 2.10 Trotsky on the Party	45
	Document 2.11 Rykov on Dictatorship	46
	Document 2.12 Bukharin Defends the Smychka	47
	Document 2.13 Preobrazhensky on NEP	48
	3 Collectivisation	50
	Document 3.1 The ‘Ural-Siberian Method’	51
	Document 3.2 Stalin to Molotov on Grain Procurements	52
	Document 3.3 The Offensive Against the Kulaks	53
	Document 3.4 ‘Dizzy with Success’	54
	Document 3.5 Expulsion of Sizov Family from Moshiche Village, Siberia	55
	Document 3.6 Letter to President Kalinin	56
	Document 3.7 The Slaughter of Livestock	57
	Document 3.8 Discussion of the Private Plot	58
	Document 3.9 Ukrainian National Consciousness	59
	Document 3.10 Famine	60
	Document 3.11 How the Activists Justi.ed the Policy	60
	Document 3.12 Modernisation of the Russian Village	61
	Document 3.13 ‘Come, Comrade, Join Us on the Collective Farm’	62
	Document 3.14 ‘A Collective Farm Festival’	62
	Document 3.15 Screen Shot from The Tractor-Drivers	65
	Document 3.16 Extracts from The ‘Tractor-Driver’s March’	65
	Document 3.17 Grain Crisis of 1946	66
	Document 3.18 ‘Blat is Greater than the People’s Commissariat’	67
	4 Industrialisation	69
	Document 4.2 Stalin’s Speech at the First All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry	70
	Document 4.3 The Problem with Increasing the Tempos	71
	Document 4.5 Stalin on the Shakhty Trial	73
	Document 4.6 On Opportunism in the Trade Union Movement	74
	Document 4.7 The Economic Role of the Camps	74
	Document 4.8 ‘For the Five Year Plan in Four Years’	76
	Document 4.9 ‘The Stakhanovites’	77
	Document 4.10 The Stakhanovite Movement and Social Division	78
	Document 4.11 Villagers Move to the Towns	78
	Document 4.12 Passport System	80
	Document 4.13 Letter of Wife of Locomotive Driver	80
	Document 4.14 Ordzhonikidze Defends Factory Directors	82
	Document 4.15 The Production of the T-34	83
	Document 4.16 Reasons for Success of the War Economy	84
	5 Terror	86
	Document 5.1 Legislative Basis for Terror	86
	Document 5.2 Telegram on the Appointment of Yezhov	87
	Document 5.3 Interrogation Techniques	88
	Document 5.4 ‘The Torrent of Confessions’	89
	Document 5.5 Bukharin’s Letter to Stalin	90
	Document 5.6 Extracts from the Trial of Bukharin	91
	Document 5.7 Operational Order No. OO447	92
	Document 5.8 Yezhov is Removed from History	94
	Document 5.9 The Mobilisation of Support for Condemnation of Tukhachevsky	96
	Document 5.10 Molotov Justi.es the Terror	96
	Document 5.11 Initiative from Regional Party Leadership	98
	Document 5.12 Restraining the Terror	98
	Document 5.13 The ‘Doctor’s Plot’	99
	Document 5.14 Mother and Son	100
	Document 5.15 Terror and Ordinary Life	101
	Document 5.16 Labour Camp Language	102
	Document 5.17 The Criminal World and the Camps	102
	6 Government	104
	Document 6.1 Stalin on the State	104
	Document 6.2 Stalin on Freedom and Democracy	105
	Document 6.3 The Relationship between Law and Politics	105
	Document 6.4 Vyshinsky and Soviet Law	106
	Document 6.6 The Constitution of 1936	109
	Document 6.7 ‘Stalin and the Crisis of Proletarian Dictatorship’	112
	Document 6.8 Distribution of Central Committee Duties	113
	Document 6.9 Visitors to Stalin’s Of.ce	114
	Document 6.10 Stalin’s Small Groups	115
	Document 6.11 Dinner Parties	115
	Document 6.12 The Presidium	116
	Document 6.13 ‘Packages would Lie Unopened’	117
	Document 6.14 Trotsky on Bureaucracy	119
	Document 6.15 De.ciencies in Party Work in Western Ukraine	120
	7 Stalin: the man and the cult	121
	Document 7.1 Stalin Embraces Marxism	121
	Documents 7.2 Extracts from Stalin’s Conduct Books	122
	Document 7.3 Stalin’s Vengeful Character	123
	Document 7.4 Kaganovich on Stalin	123
	Document 7.5 Stalin to Svetlana Alliluyeva	124
	Document 7.6 Stalin and Svetlana	125
	Document 7.7 Nadezhda Alliluyeva to Stalin	126
	Document 7.8 Human Feelings	127
	Document 7.10 Stalin’s Suspiciousness	128
	Document 7.11 The In.uence of Beria	128
	Document 7.12 Barbusse on Stalin	129
	Document 7.13 ‘Leader, Teacher, Friend’	131
	Document 7.14 Screen Shots from the Marching Scene in The Circus	132
	Document 7.15 ‘Song about our Motherland’	132
	Document 7.16 Potemkin on The Circus	134
	Document 7.17 Screen Shot from The Fall of Berlin	135
	Document 7.18 Fostering the Cult	135
	Document 7.19 Stakhanovite Ovations	136
	Document 7.20 Enthusiasm for Stalin	136
	Document 7.21 Belief and Disillusionment	137
	8 The Second World War	139
	Document 8.1 The Nazi–Soviet Pact	139
	Document 8.2 The Order for the Execution of Poles, Belorussians and Western Ukrainians	141
	Document 8.3 NKGB Informs Stalin of Forthcoming German Strike	142
	Document 8.4 Radio Broadcast, 3 July 1941	143
	Document 8.5 Formation of State Defence Committee	144
	Document 8.6 Transportation from Moscow	144
	Document 8.7 Zhukov on the Battle of Moscow	145
	Document 8.8 Churchill on Stalin	146
	Document 8.9 Order No. 227	147
	Document 8.10 Germans Encircled at Stalingrad	148
	Document 8.11 Agitprop Work in Moscow	149
	Document 8.12 Deportation of Volga Germans	150
	Document 8.13 ‘The Mother Country Calls’	151
	Document 8.14 Stamps Commemorate Russia’s Military Past	152
	Document 8.16 Simonov’s ‘Wait for Me’	154
	Document 8.17 The Siege of Leningrad	155
	9 Education and science	157
	Document 9.1 Vygotsky on the Development of Thought and Language	157
	Document 9.2 ‘The Struggle for the Polytechnical School is the Struggle for the Five Year Plan’ (1931)	159
	Document 9.3 The Basic Tasks of the School	159
	Document 9.4 The Teacher’s Dilemma	160
	Document 9.5 The ‘Purge’ of the Libraries	161
	Document 9.6 History of the CPSU: Short Course	163
	Document 9.7 Ivan the Terrible	164
	Document 9.8 Stalin on Creating a New Intelligentsia	165
	Document 9.9 ‘The New People’	166
	Document 9.10 Rules for Pupils	167
	Document 9.11 Working on the Bomb	169
	Document 9.12 Vavilov and Lysenko	170
	Document 9.13 Orgburo Resolution on Michurinism	171
	Document 9.14 An Unpredictable Exam	172
	10 The family	173
	Document 10.1 Pledge of the Soviet Young Pioneer	173
	Document 10.2 Pavlik Morozov	174
	Document 10.3 Kollontai’s Philosophy of Love	175
	Document 10.4 Divorce and Alimony	176
	Document 10.5 Strengthening the Soviet Family	177
	Document 10.6 Law on Prohibition of Abortion	178
	Document 10.7 A Book for Parents	179
	Document 10.8 The ‘Bourgeois’ Family	181
	Document 10.9 Voroshilov Complains of Hooliganism	182
	Document 10.10 The Families of Those Arrested	182
	Document 10.11 The Communal Flat	184
	Document 10.12 ‘Friend of the Little Children’	184
	Document 10.13 The Central Children’s Theatre	185
	Document 10.14 The Construction of Memory	187
	Document 10.15 Baptism	188
	11 Religion: The Russian Orthodox Church	190
	Document 11.1 De.nition of Religion	190
	Document 11.3 Press Conference of Metropolitan Sergei	192
	Document 11.4 Law on Religious Associations	194
	Document 11.5 The Cult Commission	195
	Document 11.6 In.ltrating the Church	196
	Document 11.7 Activity of the League of the Militant Godless	197
	Document 11.8 Antireligious Cartoon and Ditty	199
	Document 11.9 Opposition to Closure of Churches	200
	Document 11.10 Restoration of the Patriarchate	201
	Document 11.11 The Russian Orthodox Church in 1945	203
	Document 11.12 Apocalyptic Rumours	204
	Document 11.13 Responding to Persecution	204
	Document 11.14 The ‘Ascent’	205
	Document 11.15 Religion and Moral Standards in Russia	206
	12 The artist and the state	208
	Document 12.1 ‘Time, Forward!’	208
	Document 12.2 Lunacharsky on Socialist Realism	209
	Document 12.3 ‘Engineers of the Soul’	210
	Document 12.4 Final Project for the Palace of Soviets	211
	Document 12.5 The Meyerhold Case	211
	Document 12.6 Shostakovich on his Fifth and Seventh	213
	Document 12.7 Eisenstein on Ivan the Terrible, Part II	214
	Document 12.8 Babel Takes Back his Testimony	215
	Document 12.9 ‘Manuscripts Don’t Burn’	216
	Document 12.10 Satirising the Process of Collectivisation	217
	Document 12.11 Osip Mandelstam on Stalin	218
	Document 12.12 Stavsky to Yezhov	218
	Document 12.13 Description of the Work of Glavlit in 1939	219
	Document 12.14 Fadeev’s Suicide Note	220
	Document 12.15 Akhmatova on the Purges	221
	Document 12.16 The Clampdown on Zvezda and Leningrad	223
	Document 12.17 Bakhtin’s ‘Discourse in the Novel’	224
	13 The problem of ends and means	225
	Document 13.1 Origins of European Culture	225
	Document 13.2 Violence and Lies	226
	Document 13.3 Lenin on Morality	227
	Document 13.4 Darkness at Noon	228
	Document 13.5 ‘Vintiki’	228
	Document 13.6 Screen Shot from Lenin in 1918	229
	Document 13.7 Dialogue from Lenin in 1918	230
	Document 13.8 The Loss of a Sense of Responsibility	230
	Document 13.9 ‘That Would be a Lie’	231
	Document 13.10 The Letter of an Old Bolshevik	232
	Document 13.11 Everyday Lies	232
	Document 13.12 Violence against Oneself	233
	Document 13.13 Believing in the System	234
	Document 13.14 The Disordered Conscience	235
	Document 13.15 ‘Acting in Daily Life’	237
	Document 13.16 Khrushchev’s Contradictions	237
	Document 13.17 ‘Vile Methods’ and Popular Initiative	239
	Document 13.18 The Problem of Utopianism	239
	14 Overview	241
	Bibliography	247
	Index	264