Contents	8
	Figures	11
	Tables	12
	Preface to the second edition	13
	Part I History	18
	1 The Russian legacy	20
	THE OLD REGIME	20
	SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS TO 1917	23
	REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS AND BOLSHEVISM	26
	2 The creation of the Soviet state	33
	THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1917	33
	THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET STATE, 1918–21	37
	3 Stalin and Stalinism	46
	THE NEP COMPROMISE	46
	THE GREAT INDUSTRIALISATION DEBATE	49
	THE REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE	52
	COMMAND ECONOMY AND SOCIETY	55
	THE GREAT PURGES	57
	‘STALINISM’	62
	4 Khrushchev and destalinisation	67
	THE NEW COURSE	67
	DESTALINISATION	68
	ECONOMY AND SOCIETY	74
	AUTHORITY AND IDEOLOGY	76
	KHRUSHCHEV’S FALL	80
	5 From Brezhnev to Gorbachev	83
	CORPORATISM AND COMPROMISE	83
	THE DECLINE OF THE REGIME	87
	THE FINAL SOVIET POLITICS	89
	Part II Government	98
	6 The communist party	100
	RECRUITMENT POLICY	100
	ORGANISATION	106
	PARTY, STATE AND GOVERNMENT	113
	THE LEADING ROLE OF THE PARTY	116
	THE END OF PARTY RULE	120
	7 The structure of power	123
	CONSTITUTIONS AND POWER	123
	THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURE	127
	THE GOVERNMENT	132
	KEY TEXTS	136
	8 Security and justice	137
	THE MILITARY AND SOVIET POLITICS	137
	THE KGB	141
	JUSTICE	143
	KEY TEXTS	145
	9 Local government and participation	146
	LOCAL SOVIETS AND ADMINISTRATION	146
	ELECTIONS	152
	PARTICIPATION AND SOCIALISATION	156
	Part III Politics	164
	10 Power and policy-making	166
	THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP	166
	MODELS OF SOVIET POWER	173
	11 Ideology and authority	187
	THE MEANING OF IDEOLOGY	187
	THE IDEOLOGICAL APPARATUS	191
	THE ROLE OF IDEOLOGY	194
	POWER, POLITICAL CULTURE AND LEGITIMACY	198
	12 Class and gender	203
	NEW CLASS AND SOCIETY	203
	THE POLITICS OF GENDER	210
	13 From dissent to pluralism	218
	POLITICAL DISSENT AND THE STATE	218
	THE EVOLUTION OF DISSENT	219
	STRANDS OF RESISTANCE	222
	THE RETURN OF PLURALISM	226
	DISSENT IN PERSPECTIVE	228
	Part IV Policies	234
	14 The command economy and reform	236
	PLANNING AND POLITICAL ECONOMY	236
	HISTORY OF ECONOMIC REFORM	242
	THE FAILURE OF REFORM	250
	15 Nationality politics	254
	SOVIET CONSTITUTIONS AND FEDERALISM	254
	NATIONALISM IN THE USSR	259
	THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM	267
	16 Foreign and defence policy	271
	THE COURSE OF SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY	271
	THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY	283
	THE POLITICS OF SECURITY	286
	Part V Perspectives	292
	17 Rise and fall of the Soviet system	294
	MAIN FEATURES	294
	PATTERNS OF SOVIET RULE	299
	REASONS FOR THE FALL	300
	18 Conclusion: Soviet politics in perspective	306
	Notes	310
	Bibliography	320
	Index	360